The Soldiers of The IX
The Roman Legion
Roman Legions:
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The Roman legions were the fighting
force which allowed Rome’s territories to expand across three continents, and
quite frankly, they were unmatched, both in their professionalism and their
ability to roll out a sustained level of fighting attrition over a protracted
period. However, it took several centuries for the Roman army to form into the
fighting force of renown which would eventually take Rome's territories far
beyond the Italian peninsula.
You see, the legions that many people
think of were not actually established until 107 BCE under the Marian reforms.
Before this date, the legion was used to refer to the entirety of the Roman
army. There are three distinct periods in Roman military history: an early era
in which the phalanx formation was used; the maniple formation used between 315
BCE and 107 BCE; and the cohorts used from 107 BCE onwards.
Early Era
During the Roman Kingdom and early Roman Republic (753 BCE
to 315 BCE), Rome utilized the Greek-style phalanx formation. This style of
fighting was prevalent throughout Italy at the time of Rome's conception and
was used for several centuries.
The majority of the army was infantry based who were
equipped with a spear and shield. The soldiers were tightly packed, and each
man would protect the soldier to his left with his shield. Each phalanx unit
would be sixteen men deep. After the initial impact, the soldiers behind the
first line would begin to push, forcing the first line to fight and preventing
any gaps in the formation from appearing.
According to Polybius, the phalanx was the perfect formation
when fighting on a battlefield which was at least 3,500 meters in width with no
obstacles which could prevent flanking movements. Despite being a formidable
formation face on, if flanked or reared it was incredibly fragile.
In 315 BCE, during the Samnite Wars, the phalanx was
replaced by the maniple. This was a much more flexible system that
was not hindered by rough terrain and was vital in Rome's victory over Samnium.
There were several changes to weaponry and armor: the hoplon shield
was substituted for a scutum shield. Which better allowed for
a soldier to defend himself rather than relying on the man to his right. The
spear (hasta) was substituted for the sword (gladius) and javelin
(pila).
Four new units were used: the Velites, Hastati, Principes
and the Triarii.
- Velites -
were very lightly armored infantry armed with javelins (pila) and a
short sword. They would be positioned at the front of the Roman battle
line. They would launch their pila at the enemy before
falling behind the other lines.
- Hastati -
were medium armoured infantry armed with a sword (gladius). They
would serve as the front line of the army and would be first into the hand
to hand combat. These were among the youngest soldiers and were eager to
prove themselves in battle.
- Principes -
were heavy infantry armed with a sword (gladius) and better armor
than the Hastati. They were the second line of infantry behind the
Hastati. These men were in their late twenties and had considerable experience
on the battlefield.
- Triarii -
were heavy infantry armed with a sword (gladius) and better armor
than the Principes. They were the final line of infantry and would only
join the battle if they were required. Usually, the two front lines of the
army would be able to finish the fight before the Triarii were required.
These were the most experienced men in the Roman army.
The army preferred to deploy fifteen maniples in each line,
all consisting of eighty men commanded by a centurion – however, they often
fielded less than this. On arriving at the battlefield, the Roman army would
set up in a chequered formation, resembling a chess board. The Velites at the
front, the Hastati as the front line of infantry, the Prinipes as the second
line of infantry and the Triarii at the rear of the formation.
Once the battle began the Velites who were deployed on the
front line would launch their pila as soon as the enemy came
within range. After throwing all of their projectiles, they would fall back
between the gaps in the chequered formation.
The Hastati would then launch their pila before
engaging in melee combat. If the battle was not going in Rome's favor, the
Hastati would fall back behind the Princeps. The same would apply to the
Princeps if they were under too much pressure they would fall back to regroup
and allow the most experienced units, the Triarii, to be deployed.
The flanks of the army were protected by three hundred
cavalrymen. The cavalry performed various functions: they were to strike the
enemy's flank and rears in swift assaults before retreating to strike again.
Secondly, they were used in skirmishes and to chase down any fleeing enemy.
Thirdly, they were used for reconnaissance and intelligence gathering.
Cohorts
In 107 BCE, Gaius Marius was elected consul
and introduced the Marian reforms, broad sweeping changes to the military which
transitioned it into the legions which helped dominate and maintain the Rome's
domains.
The Roman army was organized into
legions of 4,800 soldiers. Each legion was split into ten cohorts of 480
soldiers. This added flexibility as all ten cohorts could be brought together
to fight as one entity or be divided into smaller forces each capable of
operating on its own.
On the other hand, it would take
several hours for the cohorts to march from camp to their formation on the
battlefield, due to the size and complexity of the legion. To reduce the time
it took, the cohorts would march in a specific order. The cohort located on the
far right of the battle line would march first followed by the unit located to
its left and so on. Once the legion arrived at the battlefield, the first
cohort would stop and march to the right until the entire Roman line was in
position. The Roman formation would unfold like a snake. For enemies who had
never faced Rome would undoubtedly be intimidated by the sheer organized nature
of the legion.
In the first century CE, Roman
skirmishing units were replaced by auxiliary units. For example, Cretan archers
and Numidian javelin throwers. Additionally, when Augustus established the
auxiliaries in around 30 BCE, the Roman cavalry was replaced with auxiliary
cavalry from the provinces.
The full army
The cohorts were a flexible system
which could be deployed in numerous ways. However, the preferred deployment was
to have a center of two legions which were flanked with auxiliary infantry.
This was then supported by cavalry on the flanks. This was used at the Battle
of Watling Street, where Rome won the defining battle against Boudicca despite
being heavily outnumbered.
The Roman legion could change to
accommodate for factors such as terrain, enemy, and weather. Vegetius wrote of
various formations used by the Roman army.
- A
single long line which could be used on open battlefields where the Roman
army outnumbered the enemy. The Roman line would envelop the enemy and
completely surround them.
- A
line which would form an obtuse angle, similar to an 'L'. One wing of the
legion would engage the enemy, and then the other wing would attack the
exposed flank and rear of the enemy.
- A
line where both flanks of the enemy were more densely packed with the
center being weaker. This would allow the enemy to break through the soft
center and the wings could envelop the enemy.
It would be the general's responsibility to choose the most efficient formation based on the relevant factors. He was ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the legion.The battle would start with the front lines launching their pila into the enemy before moving back into their compact battle formation. The front lines would then charge the enemy; this would result in a rush of adrenaline, and the impact would hopefully break the enemy providing an easy victory. Only the soldiers at the front of the formation would fight hand to hand; this would leave a majority of soldiers out of combat and rested. After short periods the commander of the unit would issue the order for the men at the front to step back and for the men behind to take their place. By constantly cycling the soldiers it would keep them fresh, avoid combat fatigue, and grant the legion an advantage the longer a battle continued . . . and THIS is the fighting style we see employed by Marcus Brutus and his men in The IX!- A
single long line which could be used on open battlefields where the Roman
army outnumbered the enemy. The Roman line would envelop the enemy and
completely surround them.
Next week, we’ll take a look at the
US Cavalry.
